The Pigeon, The Fox and the Peacock

There lived a beautiful pigeon in a nice little nest on high tree. Unfortunately for the pigeon, a fox used to visit her whenever her young came out of their eggs. He would stand under the tree and say that he would climb up and catch her if she did not drop her young birds down to him. And the frightened pigeon used to drop her young every time the fox came.

Once a peacock saw her, and heard her crying over her lost babies. When he learned what was the matter, he advised her that the next time the fox came she should say to him, “Come and catch me if you can.”

The fox came as usual and shouted to her to drop her young. She said, “Come and catch me if you can,” just as the peacock had taught her. And the fox, knowing that his trick had failed, asked her, “who told you to say that, sweet pigeon?” Without thinking, the pigeon answered, the peacock taught me that, Mr. Fox.”

The next day the fox went the peacock to punish him. When he met the peacock he began praising him. “How wonderful your feathers are and how beautiful your neck is, “he said. “Tell me how do you keep your beautiful eyes safe from dust when the wind blows on you, my dear?” The peacock answered at once, “I put my head under my wing, Mr. Fox.” 

The fox asked the peacock to show him how such a thing was done, and the trusting peacock, little suspecting what was in store for him, tucked his head under his wing. Instantly the fox jumped on him saying, “You shouldn’t have interfered in matters belonging to others.” And what a fine, fat meal the peacock was!

THE ANT AND THE GRASSHOPPER

Once there lived an ant and a grasshopper in a grassy meadow.
All day long the ant would work hard, collecting grains of wheat from the farmer's field far away. She would hurry to the field every morning, as soon as it was light enough to see by, and toil back with a heavy grain of wheat balanced on her head. She would put the grain of wheat carefully away in her larder, and then hurry back to the field for another one. All day long she would work, without stop or rest, scurrying back and forth from the field, collecting the grains of wheat and storing them carefully in her larder.
The grasshopper would look at her and laugh. 'Why do you work so hard, dear ant?' he would say. 'Come, rest awhile, listen to my song. Summer is here, the days are long and bright. Why waste the sunshine in labour and toil?'
The ant would ignore him, and head bent, would just hurry to the field a little faster. This would make the grasshopper laugh even louder. 'What a silly little ant you are!' he would call after her. 'Come, come and dance with me! Forget about work! Enjoy the summer! Live a little!' And the grasshopper would hop away across the meadow, singing and dancing merrily.
Summer faded into autumn, and autumn turned into winter. The sun was hardly seen, and the days were short and grey, the nights long and dark. It became freezing cold, and snow began to fall.
The grasshopper didn't feel like singing any more. He was cold and hungry. He had nowhere to shelter from the snow, and nothing to eat. The meadow and the farmer's field were covered in snow, and there was no food to be had. 'Oh what shall I do? Where shall I go?' wailed the grasshopper. Suddenly he remembered the ant. 'Ah - I shall go to the ant and ask her for food and shelter!' declared the grasshopper, perking up. So off he went to the ant's house and knocked at her door. 'Hello ant!' he cried cheerfully. 'Here I am, to sing for you, as I warm myself by your fire, while you get me some food from that larder of yours!'
The ant looked at the grasshopper and said, 'All summer long I worked hard while you made fun of me, and sang and danced. You should have thought of winter then! Find somewhere else to sing, grasshopper! There is no warmth or food for you here!' And the ant shut the door in the grasshopper's face.
It is wise to worry about tomorrow today.
THE END

THE FOX AND THE GOAT

From Aesop Fables

One hot sunny day, a thirsty fox was looking down into a deep well, and fell in.
"I wanted some water, but not this much" said the fox to himself, as he splashed around in the water.
"Now how am I going to get out of here" he said, looking up at the top of the well.
Just then a thirsty goat came to the well. He looked down and was surprised to see the fox in the water.
"What are you doing down there?" asked the goat.
"I came down to get some of this wonderful cool water" said the fox, pretending everything was alright.
"Come on down and try some. It's the best water you'll ever taste" he shouted up at the goat. 'And there isn't any more water for miles."
"I'm thirsty, and that water does look so good" thought the goat.
"OK. Look out, I'm coming down," the goat shouted to the fox as he jumped down into the well.
Just as the goat started drinking, the fox said, "There's one small problem. The top of the well is so high it's going to be hard getting out of here. But don't worry I have a plan."
"If," he said to the goat "you put your front feet on the wall of the well, I'll run up your back and jump up to the top. Once I'm out I'll help you to get out too."
The goat did as he was told and the fox leapt onto his back, jumped up on to his horns, and then scrambled up out of the well.
"That was a really good plan" said the fox.
"See you later" he said, looking down at the goat.
"But, what about me?" cried the goat from the bottom of the well.
"If you had any brains you would never have gone down there until you had worked out how to get out." said the fox.
"Have you ever heard the expression, look before you leap?" laughed the fox as he ran away.
THE END

The frog and The Crocodile

Once, there was a frog who lived in the middle of a swamp. His entire family had lived in that swamp for generations, but this particular frog decided that he had had quite enough wetness to last him a lifetime. He decided that he was going to find a dry place to live instead.
The only thing that separated him from dry land was a swampy, muddy, swiftly flowing river. But the river was home to all sorts of slippery, slittering snakes that loved nothing better than a good, plump frog for dinner, so Frog didn't dare try to swim across.
So for many days, the frog stayed put, hopping along the bank, trying to think of a way to get across.
The snakes hissed and jeered at him, daring him to come closer, but he refused. Occasionally they would slither closer, jaws open to attack, but the frog always leaped out of the way. But no matter how far upstream he searched or how far downstream, the frog wasn't able to find a way across the water.
He had felt certain that there would be a bridge, or a place where the banks came together, yet all he found was more reeds and water. After a while, even the snakes stopped teasing him and went off in search of easier prey.
The frog sighed in frustration and sat to sulk in the rushes. Suddenly, he spotted two big eyes staring at him from the water. The giant log-shaped animal opened its mouth and asked him, "What are you doing, Frog? Surely there are enough flies right there for a meal."
The frog croaked in surprise and leaped away from the crocodile. That creature could swallow him whole in a moment without thinking about it! Once he was a satisfied that he was a safe distance away, he answered. "I'm tired of living in swampy waters, and I want to travel to the other side of the river. But if I swim across, the snakes will eat me."
The crocodile harrumphed in agreement and sat, thinking, for a while. "Well, if you're afraid of the snakes, I could give you a ride across," he suggested.
"Oh no, I don't think so," Frog answered quickly. "You'd eat me on the way over, or go underwater so the snakes could get me!"
"Now why would I let the snakes get you? I think they're a terrible nuisance with all their hissing and slithering! The river would be much better off without them altogether! Anyway, if you're so worried that I might eat you, you can ride on my tail."
The frog considered his offer. He did want to get to dry ground very badly, and there didn't seem to be any other way across the river. He looked at the crocodile from his short, squat buggy eyes and wondered about the crocodile's motives. But if he rode on the tail, the croc couldn't eat him anyway. And he was right about the snakes--no self-respecting crocodile would give a meal to the snakes.
"Okay, it sounds like a good plan to me. Turn around so I can hop on your tail."
The crocodile flopped his tail into the marshy mud and let the frog climb on, then he waddled out to the river. But he couldn't stick his tail into the water as a rudder because the frog was on it -- and if he put his tail in the water, the snakes would eat the frog. They clumsily floated downstream for a ways, until the crocodile said, "Hop onto my back so I can steer straight with my tail." The frog moved, and the journey smoothed out.
From where he was sitting, the frog couldn't see much except the back of Crocodile's head. "Why don't you hop up on my head so you can see everything around us?" Crocodile invited.
"But I don't want to see anything else," the frog answered, suddenly feeling nervous.
"Oh, come now. It's a beautiful view! Surely you don't think that I'm going to eat you after we're halfway across. My home is in the marsh-- what would be the point of swimming across the river full of snakes if I didn't leave you on the other bank?"
Frog was curious about what the river looked like, so he climbed on top of Crocodile's head. The river looked almost pretty from this view. He watched dragonflies darting over the water and smiled in anticipation as he saw firm ground beyond the cattails. When the crocodile got close enough, the frog would leap off his head towards freedom. He wouldn't give the croc a chance to eat him.
"My nose tickles," the crocodile complained suddenly, breaking into the frog's train of thought. "I think there might be a fly buzzing around it somewhere, or a piece of cattail fluff swept into it while I was taking you across the river."
"I don't see a fly," the frog said, peering at the crocodile's green snout. It seemed odd that anything could tickle a crocodile through it's thick skin.
"Would you go check my nose for a piece of cattail fluff, then?" the crocodile begged, twitching his nose. "I'm afraid I'll sneeze and send you flying. I don't want to feed you to the snakes." A tear seeped out of his eye, as if he was holding back a mighty sneeze.
The bank isn't too far, the frog thought. And it's the least he could do to repay him for bringing him over. So he hopped onto the crocodile's snout and checked the nostrils. Just a little closer, and he could jump... "I don't see--" he began.
Just then, with a terrific CHOMP! the frog disappeared. The crocodile licked his lips in satisfaction and gave a tiny half-sneeze. "Good, I feel much better already," he smiled, and turned around to go back home.
THE END

THE HARE AND THE TORTOISE

From Aesop Fables

One morning, Hare hopped down to the lake, to rest in the warm sunshine. Other animals were already there. Fox was lying on the rocks, cleaning her soft sandy coat, and Tortoise was munching the sweet grass near the water’s edge. Hare stopped and watched them for a while.
Soon Fox yawned and drifted off to sleep, but Tortoise carried on waddling around slowly, her little pink tongue pulling in each mouthful of grass. Hare flicked his long ears and hopped over to her. Tortoise stopped chewing, and stared up at him.
“You look funny when you eat,” laughed Hare. “Your feet are short and stumpy, and you move so slowly. No wonder you spend so much time eating – it takes you forever to get enough grass.”
Tortoise just stared at him, and then started chewing again. Hare was annoyed. He wanted everyone to talk to him. He drummed one of his big feet on the ground.
“I’m the fastest animal,” he shouted. “When I run at full speed, no-one can beat me.” He looked across at Fox, who was awake again and watching carefully. “I challenge anyone to a race,” said Hare, flicking his ears proudly.
No one answered. Then Tortoise swallowed her mouthful of grass. “I accept,” she said. “Even if you are as fast as the wind, I can still beat you in a race.”
Hare laughed loudly. “I accept the challenge,” he said. Tortoise suggested that Fox should choose when they would race, where they would start and the finish point. Fox thought it was all very amusing, and suggested the day after tomorrow as race day.
When the time came, the Hare and the Tortoise lined up at the flat rock, which was Fox’s designated starting point. He told them they should go round the edge of the lake and the first one past the old fallen tree would be declared the winner. The race began.
Hare bounded off at top speed and soon rounded a bend and was out of sight. Tortoise moved at a slow, steady pace – never stopping to rest or eat. Running by the side of the lake, Hare felt the warm sun on his back and slowed a little. Then he stopped. “Umm,” he said, stretching. “It’ll take Tortoise forever to catch up. I’ve got time for a nap.” And he burrowed into the grass and dozed off.
Tortoise plodded and shuffled on, round the bend, past the sleeping Hare and on towards the finish point. By now the sun was low over the lake and evening was coming.
Hare stirred as he felt the temperature drop, then remembering the race, he leaped up and hopped off again. In the distance he saw Fox and the other animals gathered near the fallen tree finish point.
“Good. They’re waiting to cheer me when I win,” he laughed as he ran. Then he saw Tortoise on a grassy mound right next to the tree. Fox was talking to her. Hare bounded up as quickly as he could. He couldn’t believe he had lost. Fox nodded to him and asked everyone to be quiet. Then he congratulated Tortoise on winning the race. Tortoise was tired, and drifted off to sleep.
Some of the other animals crowded round Hare to ask him what happened. He should have won, shouldn’t he? His legs were much longer than tortoise’s and he’d won other races in the past. Hare was angry with himself and felt very silly.
THE END

CINDERELLA

Once there was a gentleman who married, for his second wife, the proudest and most haughty woman that was ever seen. She had, by a former husband, two daughters of her own humor, who were, indeed, exactly like her in all things. He had likewise, by another wife, a young daughter, but of unparalleled goodness and sweetness of temper, which she took from her mother, who was the best creature in the world.
No sooner were the ceremonies of the wedding over but the mother-in-law began to show herself in her true colors. She could not bear the good qualities of this pretty girl, and the less because they made her own daughters appear the more odious. She employed her in the meanest work of the house: she scoured the dishes, tables, etc., and scrubbed madam's chamber, and those of misses, her daughters; she lay up in a sorry garret, upon a wretched straw bed, while her sisters lay in fine rooms, with floors all inlaid, upon beds of the very newest fashion, and where they had looking-glasses so large that they might see themselves at their full length from head to foot.
The poor girl bore all patiently, and dared not tell her father, who would have rattled her off; for his wife governed him entirely. When she had done her work, she used to go into the chimney-corner, and sit down among cinders and ashes, which made her commonly be called Cinderwench; but the youngest, who was not so rude and uncivil as the eldest, called her Cinderella. However, Cinderella, not with standing her mean apparel, was a hundred times handsomer than her sisters, though they were always dressed very richly.
It happened that the King's son gave a ball, and invited all persons of fashion to it. Our young misses were also invited, for they cut a very grand figure among the quality. They were mightily delighted at this invitation, and wonderfully busy in choosing out such gowns, petticoats, and head-clothes as might become them. This was a new trouble to Cinderella; for it was she who ironed her sisters' linen, and plaited their ruffles; they talked all day long of nothing but how they should be dressed.
"For my part," said the eldest, "I will wear my red velvet suit with French trimming."
"And I," said the youngest, "shall have my usual petticoat; but then, to make amends for that, I will put on my gold-flowered manteau, and my diamond stomacher, which is far from being the most ordinary one in the world."
T    hey sent for the best tire-woman they could get to make up their head-dresses and adjust their double pinners, and they had their red brushes and patches from Mademoiselle de la Poche.
Cinderella was likewise called up to them to be consulted in all these matters, for she had excellent notions, and advised them always for the best, nay, and offered her services to dress their heads, which they were very willing she should do. As she was doing this, they said to her:
"Cinderella, would you not be glad to go to the ball?"
"Alas!" said she, "you only jeer me; it is not for such as I am to go thither."
"Thou art in the right of it," replied they; "it would make the people laugh to see a Cinderwench at a ball."
Anyone but Cinderella would have dressed their heads awry, but she was very good, and dressed them perfectly well They were almost two days without eating, so much were they transported with joy. They broke above a dozen laces in trying to be laced up close, that they might have a fine slender shape, and they were continually at their looking-glass. At last the happy day came; they went to Court, and Cinderella followed them with her eyes as long as she could, and when she had lost sight of them, she fell a-crying.
Her godmother, who saw her all in tears, asked her what was the matter.
"I wish I could--I wish I could--"; she was not able to speak the rest, being interrupted by her tears and sobbing.
This godmother of hers, who was a fairy, said to her, "Thou wishest thou couldst go to the ball; is it not so?"
"Y--es," cried Cinderella, with a great sigh.
"Well," said her godmother, "be but a good girl, and I will contrive that thou shalt go." Then she took her into her chamber, and said to her, "Run into the garden, and bring me a pumpkin."
Cinderella went immediately to gather the finest she could get, and brought it to her godmother, not being able to imagine how this pumpkin could make her go to the ball. Her godmother scooped out all the inside of it, having left nothing but the rind; which done, she struck it with her wand, and the pumpkin was instantly turned into a fine coach, gilded all over with gold.
She then went to look into her mouse-trap, where she found six mice, all alive, and ordered Cinderella to lift up a little the trapdoor, when, giving each mouse, as it went out, a little tap with her wand, the mouse was that moment turned into a fine horse, which altogether made a very fine set of six horses of a beautiful mouse-colored dapple-gray. Being at a loss for a coachman,

"I will go and see," says Cinderella, "if there is never a rat in the rat-trap--we may make a coachman of him."

"Thou art in the right," replied her godmother; "go and look."

Cinderella brought the trap to her, and in it there were three huge rats. The fairy made choice of one of the three which had the largest beard, and, having touched him with her wand, he was turned into a fat, jolly coach- man, who had the smartest whiskers eyes ever beheld. After that, she said to her:

"Go again into the garden, and you will find six lizards behind the watering-pot, bring them to me."
She had no sooner done so but her godmother turned them into six footmen, who skipped up immediately behind the coach, with their liveries all bedaubed with gold and silver, and clung as close behind each other as if they had done nothing else their whole lives. The Fairy then said to Cinderella: "Well, you see here an equipage fit to go to the ball with; are you not pleased with it?"
"Oh! yes," cried she; "but must I go thither as I am, in these nasty rags?"

Her godmother only just touched her with her wand, and, at the same instant, her clothes were turned into cloth of gold and silver, all beset with jewels. This done, she gave her a pair of glass slippers, the prettiest in the whole world. Being thus decked out, she got up into her coach; but her godmother, above all things, commanded her not to stay till after midnight, telling her, at the same time, that if she stayed one moment longer, the coach would be a pumpkin again, her horses mice, her coachman a rat, her footmen lizards, and her clothes become just as they were before.
She promised her godmother she would not fail of leaving the ball before midnight; and then away she drives, scarce able to contain herself for joy. The King's son who was told that a great princess, whom nobody knew, was come, ran out to receive her; he gave her his hand as she alighted out of the coach, and led her into the ball, among all the company. There was immediately a profound silence, they left off dancing, and the violins ceased to play, so attentive was everyone to contemplate the singular beauties of the unknown new-comer. Nothing was then heard but a confused noise of:

"Ha! how handsome she is! Ha! how handsome she is!"

The King himself, old as he was, could not help watching her, and telling the Queen softly that it was a long time since he had seen so beautiful and lovely a creature.

All the ladies were busied in considering her clothes and headdress, that they might have some made next day after the same pattern, provided they could meet with such fine material and as able hands to make them.

The King's son conducted her to the most honorable seat, and afterward took her out to dance with him; she danced so very gracefully that they all more and more admired her. A fine collation was served up, whereof the young prince ate not a morsel, so intently was he busied in gazing on her.

She went and sat down by her sisters, showing them a thousand civilities, giving them part of the oranges and citrons which the Prince had presented her with, which very much surprised them, for they did not know her. While Cinderella was thus amusing her sisters, she heard the clock strike eleven and three-quarters, whereupon she immediately made a courtesy to the company and hasted away as fast as she could.
When she got home she ran to seek out her godmother, and, after having thanked her, she said she could not but heartily wish she might go next day to the ball, because the King's son had desired her.

As she was eagerly telling her godmother whatever had passed at the ball, her two sisters knocked at the door, which Cinderella ran and opened.

"How long you have stayed!" cried she, gaping, rubbing her eyes and stretching herself as if she had been just waked out of her sleep; she had not, however, any manner of inclination to sleep since they went from home.

"If thou hadst been at the ball," said one of her sisters, "thou wouldst not have been tired with it. There came thither the finest princess, the most beautiful ever was seen with mortal eyes; she showed us a thousand civilities, and gave us oranges and citrons."

Cinderella seemed very indifferent in the matter; indeed, she asked them the name of that princess; but they told her they did not know it, and that the King's son was very uneasy on her account and would give all the world to know who she was. At this Cinderella, smiling, replied:

"She must, then, be very beautiful indeed; how happy you have been! Could not I see her? Ah! dear Miss Charlotte, do lend me your yellow suit of clothes which you wear every day."

"Ay, to be sure!" cried Miss Charlotte; "lend my clothes to such a dirty Cinderwench as thou art! I should be a fool."

Cinderella, indeed, expected well such answer, and was very glad of the refusal; for she would have been sadly put to it if her sister had lent her what she asked for jestingly.

The next day the two sisters were at the ball, and so was Cinderella, but dressed more magnificently than before. The King's son was always by her, and never ceased his compliments and kind speeches to her; to whom all this was so far from being tiresome that she quite forgot what her godmother had recommended to her; so that she, at last, counted the clock striking twelve when she took it to be no more than eleven; she then rose up and fled, as nimble as a deer. The Prince followed, but could not overtake her. She left behind one of her glass slippers, which the Prince took up most carefully. She got home but quite out of breath, and in her nasty old clothes, having nothing left her of all her finery but one of the little slippers, fellow to that she dropped. The guards at the palace gate were asked:

If they had not seen a princess go out.

Who said: They had seen nobody go out but a young girl, very meanly dressed, and who had more the air of a poor country wench than a gentlewoman.

When the two sisters returned from the ball Cinderella asked them: If they had been well diverted, and if the fine lady had been there.

They told her: Yes, but that she hurried away immediately when it struck twelve, and with so much haste that she dropped one of her little glass slippers, the prettiest in the world, which the King's son had taken up; that he had done nothing but look at her all the time at the ball, and that most certainly he was very much in love with the beautiful person who owned the glass slipper.

What they said was very true; for a few days after the King's son caused it to be proclaimed, by sound of trumpet, that he would marry her whose foot the slipper would just fit. They whom he employed began to try it upon the princesses, then the duchesses and all the Court, but in vain; it was brought to the two sisters, who did all they possibly could to thrust their foot into the slipper, but they could not effect it. Cinderella, who saw all this, and knew her slipper, said to them, laughing:
"Let me see if it will not fit me."

Her sisters burst out a-laughing, and began to banter her. The gentleman who was sent to try the slipper looked earnestly at Cinderella, and, finding her very handsome, said:
It was but just that she should try, and that he had orders to let everyone make trial.

He obliged Cinderella to sit down, and, putting the slipper to her foot, he found it went on very easily, and fitted her as if it had been made of wax. The astonishment her two sisters were in was excessively great, but still abundantly greater when Cinderella pulled out of her pocket the other slipper, and put it on her foot. Thereupon, in came her godmother, who, having touched with her wand Cinderella's clothes, made them richer and more magnificent than any of those she had before.

And now her two sisters found her to be that fine, beautiful lady whom they had seen at the ball. They threw themselves at her feet to beg pardon for all the ill- treatment they had made her undergo. Cinderella took them up, and, as she embraced them, cried:

That she forgave them with all her heart, and desired them always to love her.

She was conducted to the young prince, dressed as she was; he thought her more charming than ever, and, a few days after, married her. Cinderella, who was no less good than beautiful, gave her two sisters lodgings in the palace.

materi TIK

SISTEM JARINGAN KOMPUTER

Pengertian Jaringan Komputer

Sekelompok hardware seperti PC, Printer, dan peralatan lain yang terhubung satu sama lain dan masing-masing terjadi interaksi komunikasi.

Konfigurasi Jaringan
1. Peer to peer
Konfigurasi ini biasanya melibatkan kurang dari 10 komputer (station). Jaringan komputer dengan konfigurasi peer-to-peer konsep security tidak diutamakan, karena setiap komputer (station) memiliki posisi yang sama dalam berkomunikasi. Dalam konfigurasi ini setiap komputer bisa saling bagi-pakai (share) sumber daya, seperti file-file pengolah kata, spreadsheet, printer, CD-ROM drive, scanner, dan lain-lain tanpa perlu ada konsep restrict security

2. Client/Server
Konfigurasi client/server lebih cocok untuk jaringan skala besar. Dalam konfigurasi ini terdapat satu komputer sebagai pusat kendali yang disebut dengan Server. Server bisa bertindak sebagai pusat penyimpan data, shared application central, dan lain-lain. Umumnya spesifikasi server lebih tinggi, karena server mengendalikan akses komputer lain dalam jaringan yang disebut Client. Biasanya guru dan siswa bekerja pada komputer client, sedangkan pengelolaan/akses server biasanya ditunjuk staff khusus.

Perbedaan antara Peer to Peer dan Client/Server

  

 Jenis Jaringan

a. Berdasarkan letak

b. Berdasar Media Transmisi

   1. Jenis Jaringan Kabel, contoh : LAN

   2. Jenis Wireless (nirkabel)

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)
Prinsipnya sama dengan LAN, tetapi modium tranformasi data berbeda. Jika LAN menggunakan medium kabel, tetapi WLAN menggunakan medium gelombang elektromagnetik.

 Keunggulan dan Kelemahan Wireless

 

Adapula seperti :

Sumber: guru TIK kelas XII Pak Zahid

belanja

 

Belanja adalah suatu kegiatan manusia sebagai makhluk konsumtif. Mungkin tak pernah ada seseorang yang selama hidupnya tak pernah berbelanja. Dari petani sampai seorang pemilik Negara pernah berbelanja. Dari bahan makanan yang bersifat pokok sampai gadget yang terus berkembang dapat menjadi barang belanjaan. Kegiatan belanja bisa dilakukan dimana saja, tak peduli pasar sampai internet pun dapat dijadikan tempat belanja..

Sebagian besar wanita tak menolak saat dirinya diajak berbelanja. Alasannya tak lain, mereka jenuh melakukan kegiatan yang biasa mereka kerjakan. Terkadang, mereka juga tak punya list belanjaan, karena memang mereka tak ingin membeli apapun. Selain berbelanja di suatu tempat sekaligus cuci mata, ada cara belanja yang tak membuat kita capai berjalan, yaitu belanja menggunakan suatu katalog ataupun lewat internet. Matapun dapat dicuci dengan barang barang yang terrsedia… Sebagian dari mereka cukup puas berbelanja lewat katalog atau internet, tetapi bagi beberapa orang lain menganggap tak lega jika tak melihat barangnya secara langsung (istilah jawanya gak lego).

Penghasilan seseorang dapat mempengaruhi intensitas dia melakukan kegiatan belanja. Semakin banyak penghasilan seseorang, maka intensitas belanjanyapun semakin besar. Contohnya, seseorang yang keuangannya berlebih, akan lebih banyak berbelanja karena memang sifat manusia yang tak pernah merasa cukup dan kebutuhan yang selalu berkembang. Atau saat berlebaran, karena seseorang mendapat beberapa tambahan atau bonus Hari Raya, dia akan membelanjakan uangnya meskipun nanti, antara pendapatan dan pengeluaran akan tak seimbang…

Jarak antara rumah dan tempat perbelanjaan pun juga mempengaruhi intensitas seseorang berbelanja. Semakin dekat jarak tempat perbelanjaan dengan rumah akan semakin sering seseorang berbelanja. Ini dikarenakan seseorang yang menganggap remeh akan taka pa jika bolak balik belanja sesuatu yang bisa dilakukan sekaligus. Hal ini tak baik dilakukan, karena akan membuang waktu di perjalanan dan tak menghemat bahan bakar jika menggunakan kendaraan bermotor.

Sebagai Negara berkembang, masyarakat sudah berkembang dan mulai berubah dari makhluk produktif menjadi makhluk konsumtif. Ini dapat dilihat dari banyaknya kegiatan import daripada kegiatan eksport yang dilakukan Negara kita. Dari aksesoris yang bahannya mudah didapat di dalam negeri sampai sapi sebagai hewan ternak yang bisa dikembangkan di negeri ini. seharusnya, kita tak boleh terlena dan membuat prinsip semua tersedia jika dengan uang tanpa kita berusaha menciptakan sesuatu yang dapat bermanfaat bagi diri sendiri, keluarga, lingkungan sekitar, Negara dan bangsa. Dan tersimpulkan bahwa belanja sudah menjadi hobi bagi sebagian orang.

Terkadang kita tak memikirkan apa yang terjadi setelah kita membelanjakan uang kita. Rasa senang yang diberikan saat kita mencari barang di tempat perbelanjaan akan hilang saat kita mengetahui jumlah harga belanjaan kita di kasir. Dan dengan terpaksa kita membayarnya karena tak mungkin barang belanjaan kita kembalikan. Saat uang dalam dompet kita tak cukup, kita akan terdorong membayarnya dengan kartu kredit. Agar tak terjadi hal seperti itu, terdapat tips untuk anda yang mungkin dapat anda praktekkan saat anda berbelanja:

1. Siapkan list belanjaan anda dan sesuaikan dengan keadaan keuangan dan kebutuhan anda.
2. Memilih tempat perbelanjaan yang menyediakan diskon yang dapat menghemat uang anda.
3. Fokus pada apa yang anda butuhkan, tutup mata pada segala barang yang lucu tapi kurang ada manfaat bagi anda.
4. Sambil mencari barang yang anda butuhkan, siapkan calculator untuk menghitung berapa uang yang harus anda bayarkan, agar anda tak terkejut saat di kasir dan kemungkinan anda dapat meminimalkan belanjaan anda.
5. Kurangi penggunaan credit card anda.




Semoga dapat bermanfaat bagi anda :)

libur lebaran :)

Rabu, 24 Agustus 2011
Liburan pertama, masih dalam bulan ramadhan. Panas, terik, berdahaga inginnya hanya dirumah, nonton film korea yang pemainnya unyu-unyu.. hehe :p. ini malah harus pergi ke pasar pake motor, nunggu ibu-ibu belanja dengan gunakan jurus jitunya, menawar. Aduh ibu-ibu ini.. tapi tak apa, ikhlas kok..

Kamis, 25 Agustus 2011
Liburan kedua, ada rencana buka bersama sekaligus kumpul-kumpul keluarga yang bertempat di rumah saya... Senangnyaa... dengan adanya rencana tersebut, saya selaku tuan rumah harus menyiapkan segala sesuatu dengan sempurna #bohong, ngrusuhin malah.. hehe -.-v
Setelah berbuka, orang-orang ini tetap tinggal dirumah saya untuk berbincang apapun yang bisa dibahas, dari masalah pribadi tentang keluarganya, tentang kehidupan selebritis, sampai politik. Lengkap pokoknya.. ckckck, orang dewasa ini..

Jumat, 26 Agustus 2011
Seperti hari-hari biasa, harus bangun, sahur, sholat subuh… Handphone berdering, biasalah kukira ucapan selamat sahur dari seorang teman yang kurang kerjaan, ternyata sms dari b. ria, guru pembimbing matematikaku. Jarang sekali beliau sms. Kubuka, tak menyangka yang akan kubaca, ternyata berita duka dari guru pembimbing biologi kami tercinta, B. indah Fitriani yang pada hari kamis lalu dipanggil oleh Yang Maha Kuasa. Sontak terkkejut seketika, dalam hati berkata tak mungkin secepat ini beliau dipanggil, beliau baru saja menikah dan sedang hamil.. (tak bisa aku berbuat apa-apa #penyakit lama=gak punya pulsa..) hanya menunggu sms dari teman yang akan menceritakan bagaimana kronologisnya… ternyata beliau meninggal dunia karena terjadi pendarahan saat melahirkan putranya dan insyaAllah beliau meninggal khusnul khotimah.. Amin.. sampai akan tidur, tak pernah berhenti berpikir “mengapa secepat itu” dan membuat mood saya jadi tak baik.. tapi itulah takdir Allah yang telah ditiupkan sejak masih dalam kandungan. Berikanlah hambamu ini akhir yang khusnul Khotimah ya allah…

Sabtu, 27 Agustus 2011
Akhir pekan yang tak berasa hingga tak tahu ini hari apa.. dan masih dalam keadaan berduka, dari pagi sampai siang aku tak melakukan apapun dirumah, hanya berbaring saja di tempat tidur atau sofa ruang tamu, lagipula aku juga tak boleh melakukan ibadah sholat dan puasa.. sampai saatnya aku memutuskan tak terlalu terlarut dalam duka tersebut, kuambil tugas-tugasku yang menumpuk dan mungkin berdebu untuk kukerjakan.. semua ku list agar tak ada yang tertinggal meskipun aku kesulitan mengerjakannya. Harus semangat!!

Minggu, 28 Agustus 2011
Demi membalas perbuatanku yang kemarin malas-malasan, pekerjaan rumah akan kuselesaikan pagi ini, tekadku.. masih dingin, menyiram tanamanpun kulakukan dengan senyum ceria dan sedikit kecut, karena rasanya tanganku akan membeku.. haha #lebay.. setelah semua bunga minum (kukira) ku tinggal semuanya basah. Tak ada kegiatan lagi yang ingin dikerjakan, kupilih kegiatan yang paling membuang waktu kita, yaitu tidur. Tak lama tertidur, ternyata sudah sangat terik diluar, bingung mau berbuat apa, nyalakan televise saja.. tetep nonton episode selanjutnya film korea… tak ada kegiatan lagi setelah itu, tak tahu apa yang dilakukan saat itu, yang pasti tak mengesankan sehingga tak dapat diingat… :p


Senin, 29 Agustus 2011
Besok lebaran (kukira), baru kali ini terasa sedih ditinggal bulan ramadhan.. karena kita tak kan tahu bahwa akankah kita dapat bertemu lagi dengan bulan yang penuh rahmat ini atau tidak… karena ada kebiasaan dalam keluarga kami berbuka bersama dengan keluarga pada malam takbiran, kami semua berkumpul di rumah orangtua ibuku untuk berbuka bersama sambil menunggu sidang itsbat yang membahas kapan datangnya 1 syawal tahun ini… semua optimis besok akan berlebaran, tetapi ternyata sekitar pukul 8 pm terdapat pengumuman bahwa 1 syawal jatuh pada hari rabu… dengan keputusan tersebut dengan sangat terpaksa, aku dan keluargaku akan berlebaran di kampung halaman ayah… yah jadi gak bisa makan ketupat deh… #gak popo, sehat… haha

Selasa, 30 Agustus 2011
Masih puasa, tinggal sehari tok… yeee… :D. Karena hari ini harus mudik, jadi semua keluargaku melakukan kerja bakti, bersih bersih rumah.. Sekitar jam 2 siang, kami berangkat menuju stasiun kota Malang. Buka puasa datang saat kami berada di Kota Blitar. Sambil berbuka puasa terdengar suara takbir bersautan saat kami melewati daerah penduduk. Dan tak ketinggalan letusan kembang api yang memeriahkan malam takbiran… dalam hatiku, tak berpengaruhkah letusan kembang api pada udara, atmosfer ataupun makhluk hidup lain. Karena pernah kudengar dari televisi, di suatu Negara pernah terjadi kematian massal burung, sejenis burung gereja karena pada malam sebelum kejadian tersebut terdapat pesta kembang api. Mengapa hal itu tak terjadi di Indonesia ya, agar tak ada lagi yang menyalakan kembang api.. :p. kami datang di stasiun madiun sekitar jam setengah Sembilan, dan menurutku stasiun kota madiun terlihat sangat rapid an lebih indah dari stasiun kota malang…

Rabu, 31 Agustus 2011
Horee, lebaran :D… tapi sayangnya, aku tak bisa mengerjakan ibadah sholat ied. Karena itu aku ditinggal sendirian di rumah. Setelah sholat ied kami mengadakan sungkeman untuk bermaafan pada sesama anggota keluarga. Lalu kami berkeliling untuk sekedar berjabat tangan dan bermaafan. Sebelum pukul 9 am, kami telah kembali ke rumah eyang untuk menemui tamu yang kiranya mendatangi eyang. Sambil menunggu itu, ternyata di sebuah stasiun televise, tersiar film Detective conan yang sudah lama tak muncul setelah beberapa tahun lalu. Senangnya :D… aku membuat perjanjian dengan orang tuaku, aku akan ikut silaturrahmi setelah tamat menonton film itu, perjanjianpun sukses :D #hehe…. Setelah film selesai, kami melanjutkan lagi silaturrahmike saudara eyang kakung atau eyang putri, yang jaraknya taka da yang dekat… tapi taka pa, semua itu ibadahkan …


Kamis, 1 September 2011
H+1 lebaran,taka da yang berkesan sampai sekitar pukul 10.30 am, kami akan kembali ke kota kami tercinta #haha… ku kira akan sepi semua kendaraan umumnya, ternyata salah. Semua bus penuh kea rah tujuan Surabaya, ckckck… taka pa lah demi cepat kembali. Memilih bus yang sekiranya sepipun tak bisa. Setelah naik ke bus, kami semua tak mendapatkan tempat duduk, jadi terpaksa, kami semua berdiri kirakira selama 2-4 jam. Karena kami dapat duduk setelah berada di Kertasana, itupun hanya beberapa menit kami duduk, karena setelah itu kami harus turun dan berganti bus mini. Jalanan padat lancar, sehingga tak terlalu lelah. Macet yang panjang terjadi di daerah Batu kea rah Malang. Semua kendaraan hanya mampu merayap. Kecepatannyapun tak secepat orang berjalan. Perkiraan pukul 4pm datangpun musnah, karena sekitar pukul 6pm kami semua masih berada di Pujon. Akhirnya, kami datang sekitar jam setengah Sembilan di rumah dengan selamat… :D

Sabtu, 2 September 2011
Sejak pagi kami telah bersiap untuk melanjutkan silaturrahmi ke sanak saudara. Karena aku sudah besar, sudah tak kuharapkan lagi mendapat angpao, tetapi rezeki itu datang saja. Sudah besar ini, masih saja diberi angpao #yee, hehe :D… sampai pada pukul 11.45am kami pulang dulu untuk beristirahat dan sholat. Silaturrahmi akan dilanjutkan setelah ashar. Sambil berristirahat, tak lupa lihat sinema korea yang ceritanya semakin seru :D… setelah sholat ashar, silaturrahmi dilanjutkan lagi ke saudara yang tak sempat dikunjungi tadi. Sekitar pukul 6pm, kami semua sudah berada di rumah. Hanya tinggal capek yang terasa dan tak lupa angpao nya #hehe :D

Minggu, 3 September 2011
H+3. Pagi taka da yang kulakukan, tapi harusnya melakukan kegiatan bersih bersih rumah… ku kerjakan dengan sedikit muka kecut. Karena rasanya hari ini sangat lelah setelah kemarin berkeliling untuk bersilaturrahmi ke sanak saudara. Setelah semua pekerjaan selesai, kami pergi ke rumah orangtua ibu kami, untuk menengok tante yang baru pulang dari mudiknya… malam ini aku tk bisa tidur karena merasa belum menyelesaikan tugas sama sekali, ditemani sebotol air minum, tanpa camilan! #hehe aku melewati malam panjang bersama tugasku yang menumpuk itu. Sampai pada pukul 2.30 am, mata terasa lelah dan badan tak berdaya lagi untuk dapat mengerjakan tugas… dan akhirnya tertidurlah aku… #capek

Senin, 4 September 2011
Aku bangun siang… #mau jadi apa? Perempuan kok bangun siang = biasa yang dikatakan orangtua. Terasa remuk semua badanku. Sekitar jam setengah Sembilan aku dan ibuku bersilaturrahmi ke rumah teman beliau, dan pukul 9 am, kami sudah berada di rumah lagi. Tak ada kegiatan luar biasa lagi yang ku kerjakan.. sampai pukul 12pm, aku menonton film korea yang memang selalu bikin penasaran #hoho…. Sampai kemudian beberapa tamu datang bersilaturrahmi. Hari ini tamu kami cukup banyak, semoga mereka membawa berkah bagi kami semua … hari ini juga, seharusnya aku berniat tidur larut lagi (istilahnya nglembur #hehe) tapi apa daya, mataku tak bisa kompromi. Aku mulai terlelap sekitar jam Sembilan kurang

majas

Majas (Gaya Bahasa)

Majas atau gaya bahasa adalah cara pengarang atau seseorang mempergunakan bahasa sebagai alat untuk mengekspresikan perasaan dan buah pikiran yang terpendam dalam jiwanya.
Pada dasarnya majas dapat dibagi atas empat bagian utama, yakni :
a. Majas Perbandingan atau Majas Pertautan
b. Majas Sindiran
c. Majas Penegasan
d. Majas Pertentangan

a. Majas Perbandingan
1. Personifikasi
Adalah majas yang melukiskan sesuatu dengan memberikan sifat-sifat manusia kepada benda-benda mati tersebut seolah-olah mempunyai sifat seperti manusia atau benda hidup.
Contoh :
• Baru 3 km berjalan mobilnya sudah batuk-batuk
• Angin berbisik menyampaikan salamku padanya.

2. Metafora
Adalah majas perbandingan yang melukiskan sesuatu dengan perbandingan langsung tepat atas dasar sifat yang sama atau hampir sama.
Contoh :
Raja siang telah pergi ke peraduannya. ( raja siang = matahari)
Dewi malam telah keluar dari balik awan. ( dewi malam = bulan )

3. Eufemisme (ungkapan pelembut)
Adalah majas perbandingan yang melukiskan sesuatu dengan kata-kata yang lebih lembut untuk menggantikan kata-kata lain untuk sopan santun atau tabu-bahasa (pantang).
Contoh :
Para tunakarya perlu perhatian yang serius dari pemerintah.
Pramuwisma bukan pekerjaan yang hina.
Orang itu berubah akal.

4. Sinekdokhe
Sinekdokhe dapat dibedakan atas :
• Pras pro toto
Yakni majas sinekdokhe yang melukiskan sebagian tetapi yang dimaksudkan adalah seluruhnya.
Contoh :
o Sudah lima hari dia tak kelihatan batang hidungnya.
o Dia mempunyai lima ekor kuda.
• Totem pro parto
Yakni majas sinekdokhe yang melukiskan keseluruhan tetapi yang dimaksud adalah sebagian.
Contoh :
Indonesia mengalahkan Birma dengan 3-2 dalam Sea Games

5. Alegori
Adalah majas perbandingan yang memperlihatkan suatu perbandingan utuh ; perbandingan itu membentuk kesatuan yang menyeluruh.
Contoh :
• Hidup ini diperbandingkan dengan perhu yang tengah berlayar di lautan :
Suami = nahkoda
Litri = juru mudi
Topan, gelombang, batu karang = cobaan / halangan dalam kehidupan
Tanah seberang = cita-cita hidup

Perhatikanlah bahwa pidato perkawinan sering kita mendengar orang yang memberi wejangan dengan mengatakan “Hati-hatilah kamu sekalian dalam mendayung bahtera hidupmu, mengarungi lautan yang penuh bahaya, gelombang, topan dan badai serta batu karang. Bila kamu sela-sekata dalam mengemudikan bahteramu, niscaya akan tercapailah tujuan yang kamu idamkan bersama.”

6. Hiperbola
Adalah majas perbandingan yang melukiskan sesuatu dengan mengganti peristiwa atau tindakan sesungguhnya dengan kata-kata yang lebih hebat pengertiannya untuk menyangatkan arti.
Contoh :
Harga bensin membumbung tinggi.
Kakak membanting tulang demi menghidupi keluarganya.

7. Simbolik
Adalah majas perbandingan yang melukiskan sesuatu dengan mempergunakan benda-benda lain sebagai simbol atau perlambang.
Contoh :
Dari dulu tetap saja ia menjadi lintah darat.
(lintah darat = lambang pemeras, pemakan riba)
Contoh lain seperti melati untuk lambang kesucian, buaya darat untuk lambang orang hidung belang, dsb.

8. Litotes (hiperbola negatif)
Adalah majas perbandingan yang melukiskan keadaan dengan kata-kata yang berlawanan artinya dengan kenyataan yang sebenarnya guna merendahkan diri.
Contoh :
Perjuangan kami hanyalah setitik air dalam samudera luas.
Maaf, kami hanya dapat menghidangkan teh dingin dan kue kampung saja.

9. Alusio
Adalah majas perbandingan dengan mempergunakan ungkapan, peribahasa, atau kata-kata yang artinya sudah diketahui umum.
Contoh :
Ah, dia itu tong kosong nyaring bunyinya.
Anak itu benar-benar berperut karet.
Rupanya Ahmad makan tangan hari ini hingga membuat iri teman-temanya.

10. Asosiasi
Adalah majas perbandingan yang memperbandingkan sesuatu dengan keadaan lain karena adanya persamaan sifat.
Contoh :
• Wajahnya muram bagai bulan kesiangan.
• Semangatnya keras bagai baja.

11. Perifrasis
Adalah perbandingan yang melukiskan sesuatu dengan menguraikan sepatah kata menjadi serangkaian kata yang mengandung arti yang sama dengan kata yang digantikan itu.
• Contoh :
• Petang barulah dia pulang.
• menjadi : Ketika matahari hilang di balik gunung barulah dia pulang.
• Jangan terlalu materialistis !
• menjadi : Jangan terlalu mempertaruhkan harta benda !

12. Metonimia
Adalah majas perbandingan yang menggunakan merk dagang atau nama barang untuk melukiskan sesuatu yang dipergunakan atau dikerjakan sehingga kata itu berasosiasi dengan
benda keseluruhan.
Contoh :
• Kemarin ia memakai Fiat. = (mobil merk Fiat)
• Kami berkodak di tepi pantai. = (berfoto dengan merk Kodak)

13. Antonomasia
Adalah majas perbandingan dengan menyebutkan nama lain terhadap seseorang berdasarkan ciri atau sifat menonjol yang dimilikinya.
Contoh :
• Si Gendut itu kini telah sembuh.
• Si pincang, si jangkung, si keriting, dsb

14. Tropen
Adalah majas perbandingan yang melukiskan sesuatu dengan membandingkan suatu pekerjaan atau perbuatan dengan kata-kata lain yang mengandung pengertian yang sejalan dan sejajar.
Contoh :
• Seharian dia berkubur dalam kamarnya.
• Setiap malam dia menjual suaranya untuk nafkah anak istrinya.

15. Parabel
Adalah majas perbandingan dengan mempergunakan perumpamaan dalam hidup. Majas ini terkandung dalam seluruh isi karangan.
Contoh :
• Bhagawat Cita, Mahabharata, bayan Budiman.

b. Majas Sindiran
1. Ironi
Adalah majas sindiran yang melukiskan sesuatu dengan menyatakan sebaliknya dari apa yang sebenarnya dengan maksud untuk menyindir orang.
Contoh :
• Biarlah, yang berbicara terus waktu diberi pelajaran akan jadi profesor !
• Harum benar baumu sore ini !
2. Sinisme
Adalah gaya sindiran dengan mempergunakan kat-kata sebaliknya seperti ironi tetapi kasar.
Contoh ;
• Itukah yang dinamakan bekerja?
• Muntah aku melihat peringaimu yang tak pernah mau berubah!
3. Sarkasme
Adalah majas sindiran terkasar serta langsung menusuk perasaan.
Contoh :
• Otakmu memang otaku dang !
• Cih, mukamu yang seperti beruang itu, memuakkan!

c. Majas Penegasan
1. Pleonasme
Adalah majas penegasan yang mempergunakan sepatah kata yang sebenarnya tidak perlu dikatakan lagi karena arti kata tersebut sudah terkandung dalam kata yang diterangkan.
Contoh :
• Saya melihat dengan mata kepala sendiri peristiwa itu.
• Salju putih sudah mulai turun ke bawah.
2. Repetisi
Adalah majas penegasan yang melukiskan sesuatu dengan mengulang kata atau beberapa kata berkali-kali yang biasanya dipergunakan dalam pidato.
Contoh :
• Kita junjung dia sebagai pemimpin, kita junjung dia sebagai pelindung, kita junjung dia sebagai pembebas kita.
• Cinta adalah keindahan, Cinta adalah kebahagiaan, Cinta adalah pengorbanan.

3. Paralellisme
Adalah majas penegasan seperti repetisi tetapi dipakai dalam puisi. Paralellisme dibagi atas :
a. Anafora
Yakni bila kata atau frase yang diulang terletak di awal kalimat.
Misalnya :
• Kalau’lah diam malam yang kelam.
• Kalau’lah tenang sawah yang lapang.
• Kalau’lah lelap orang di ladang.
b. Epidora
Yakni bila kat atau frase yang diulang terletak di akhir kalimat atau larik.
Misalnya :
• Kalau kau mau, aku akan datang.
• Jika kau kehendak, aku akan datang.
• Bila kau minta, aku akan datang.
Di samping itu, ada pula contoh yang memperlihatkan penggunaan anafora dan epifora sekaligus, seperti :
• Kami jemu pada lagu.
• Kami benci pada lagu.
• Kami runtuh karena lagu.
(“Suara dari Sudut-Sudut Gelita”,oleh Muhammad Ali)

4. Simatik
Adalah majas penegasan yang melukiskan sesuatu dengan mempergunakan kata, kelompok kata atau kalimat yang diikuti oleh kata, kelompok kata atau kalimat yang seimbang artinya dengan yang pertama.
Contoh :
• Ayah diam serta tak suka berkata-kata.
• Kakak berjalan tergesa-gesa, seperti orang dikejar anjing gila.

5. Tautologi
Adalah majas penegasan yang melukiskan sesuatu dengan mempergunakan kata-kata yang sama artinya (bersinonim) untuk mempertegas arti.
Contoh :
• Saya khawatir serta was-was akan keselamatannya.

6. Enumerasio
Adalah majas penegasan yang melukiskan beberapa peristiwa yang membentuk satu kesatuan dilukiskan satu persatu supaya tiap-tiap peristiwa dalam keseluruhannya tampak jelas.
Contoh :
• Angin berhembus, laut tenang, bulan memancar lagi.

7. Klimaks
Adalah majas penegasan dengan melukiskan beberapa hal berturut-turut dengan menggunakan urutan kata-kata yang makin memuncak pengertiannya.
Contoh :
• Sejak menyemai benih, tumbuh, hingga manualnya, aku sendiri yang mengerjakannya.
• Dari anak-anak, remaja, dewasa datang menyaksikan Film “Saur Sepuh”

8. Antiklimaks
Adalah majas penegasan dengan menyatakan beberapa hal berturut-turut dengan menggunakan urutan kata-kata yang makin lama makin pengertannya.
Contoh :
• Jangankan seribu, atau seratus, serupiah pun tidak ada.

9. Retorik
Adalah majas penegasan dengan mempergunakan kalimat tanya yang sebenarnya tidak memerlukan jawaban karena sudah diketahuinya.
Contoh :
• Mana mungkin orang mati hidup kembali?
• Siapakah yang melarang berbuat bijak?

10. Koreksio
Adalah majas penegasan berupa membetulkan (mengoreksi) kembali kata-kata yang salah diucapkan, baik yang disengaja maupun tidak.
Contoh :
• Hari ini sakit ingatan, eh . . . maaf, sakit kepala maksudku.
• Dia memegang, oh tidak, dia yang membawa.

11. Asidenton
Adalah majas penegasan yang menyebutkan beberapa benda, hal atau keadaan secara berturut-turut tanpa memakai kata penghubung.
Contoh :
• Kemeja, sepatu, kaus kaki, dibelinya di toko itu.
• Meja, kursi, tikar, bantal, berserakan di kamarnya.

12. Polisindeton
Adalah majas penegasan yang menyatakan beberapa benda, orang, hal atau keadaan secara berturut-turut dengan memakai kata penghubung.
Contoh:
• Dia tidak tahu, tetapi tetap saja ditanya, akibatnya dia marah-marah.
• Pemuda-pemuda berkumpul, lalu berbaris rapi, serta berseragam biru, kemudian menuju lapangan upacara.

13. Eksklamasio
Adalah majas penegasan yang memakai kata-kata seru sebgai penegas.
Contoh :
• Amboi, indahnya pemandangan ini!
• Aduhai, ramainya pertunjukan ini!

14. Interupsi
Adalah majas penegasan yang mempergunakan kata-kata atau bagian kalimat yang disisipkan di antara kalimat pokok guna lebih menjelaskan dan menekankan bagian kalimat sebelumnya.
Contoh :
• Aku, orang yang sepuluh tahun bekerja di sini belum pernah dinaikkan pangkat.

15. Proetorito
Adalah majas penegasan yang melukiskan sesuatu dengan menyembunyikan atau merahasiakan sesuatu dan pembaca harus menerka apa yang disembunyikan itu.
Contoh :
• Semua murid kelas ini hadir, kecuali si Hasan yang sedang ikut jamboree.
• Kamar itu hening, tak ada suara apa pun kecuali terdengar detak jam dinding.

transformasi

Transformasi adalah suatu perpindaban/perubaban.
1. TRANSLASI (Pergeseran sejajar)
Matriks Perubahan Perubahan
a 
 b  (x,y)  (x+a, y+b) F(x,y) = 0  (x-a, y-b) = 0
Ket :
x' = x + a  x = x' - a
y' = y + b  y = y' -b
2. SIFAT:
o Dua buah translasi berturut-turut  a  diteruskan dengan
 b 
dapat digantikan dengan  c  translasi tunggal a + c 
 d   b + d 
o Pada suatu translasi setiap bangunnya tidak berubah.

3. REFLEKSI (Pencerminan terhadap garis)
Pencerminan terhadap Matriks Perubahan Titik Perubahan fungsi
sumbu-x  1 -0 
 0 -1  (x,y) (x,-y) F(x,y) = 0  F(x,-y) = 0
sumbu -y  -1 0 
 -0 1  (x,y) (-x,y) F(x,y) = 0F(-x,y) = 0
garis y = x  0 1 
 1 0  (x,y)  (y,x) F(x,y) = 0  F(y,x) = 0
garis y = -x  -0 -1
1 -0  (x,y) (-y,-x) F(x,y) = 0  F(-y,-x)= 0

4. MATRIKS REFLEKSI
Ket. : Ciri khas suatu matriks Refleksi adalah determinannya = -1


SIFAT-SIFAT
a. Dua refleksi berturut-turut terhadap sebuah garis merupakan suatu identitas, artinya yang direfleksikan tidak berpindah.
b. Pengerjaan dua refleksi terhadap dua sumbu yang sejajar, menghasilkan translasi (pergeseran) dengan sifat:
 Jarak bangun asli dengan bangun hasil sama dengan dua kali jarak kedua sumbu pencerminan.
 Arah translasi tegak lurus pada kedua sumbu sejajar, dari sumbu pertama ke sumbu kedua. Refleksi terhadap dua sumbu sejajar bersifat tidak komutatip.
c. Pengerjaaan dua refleksi terhadap dua sumbu yang saling tegak lurus, menghasilkaan rotasi (pemutaran) setengah lingkaran terhadap titik potong dari kedua sumbu pencerminan. Refleksi terhadap dua sumbu yang saling tegak lures bersifat komutatif.
d. Pengerjaan dua refleksi berurutan terhadap dua sumbu yang berpotongan akan menghasilkan rotasi (perputaran) yang bersifat:
 Titik potong kedua sumbu pencerminan merupakan pusat perputaran.
 Besar sudut perputaran sama dengan dua kali sudut antara kedua sumbu pencerminan.
 Arah perputaran sama dengan arah dari sumbu pertama ke sumbu kedua.

5. ROTASI (Perputaran dengan pusat 0)
rotasi matriks perubahan titik perubahan fungsi
½  0 -1
1 -0  (x,y)(-y,x) F(x,y) = 0F(y,-x) = 0
 -1 0
1 -1  (x,y) (-x,-y) F(x,y) = 0F(-x,-y) = 0
3/2  0 -1
-1 0  (x,y) (y,-x) F(x,y) = 0 F(-y,x) = 0
 cos -sin
sin cos  (x,y)  (x cos - y sinq, x sin  + y cos )
F(x,y) = 0 F(x cos  + y sin , -x sin  + y cos ) = 0

6. MATRIKS ROTASI
Ket.: Ciri khas suatu matriks Rotasi adalah determinannya = 1

SIFAT-SIFAT
. Dua rotasi bertumt-turut mempakan rotasi lagi dengan sudut putar dsama dengan jumlah kedua sudut putar semula.
a. Pada suatu rotasi, setiap bangun tidak berubah bentuknya.

Catatan:

Pada transformasi pergeseran (translasi), pencerminan (refleksi) dan perputaran (rotasi), tampak bahwa bentuk bayangan sama dan sebangun (kongruen) dengan bentuk aslinya. Transformasi jenis ini disebut transformasi isometri.

7. DILATASI (Perbesaran terhadap pusat 0)
Dilatasi Matriks Perubahan titik Perubahan fungsi
(0,k) k 0
0 k (x,y)(kx,ky) F(x,y)=0F(x/k,y/k)
Ket.:

(0, k) merupakan perbesaran atau pengecilan dengan tergantung dari nilai k.

Jika A' adalah peta dari A, maka untuk:
a. k > 1  A' terletak pada perpanjangan OA
b. 0 < k < 1  A' terletak di antara O dan A c. k > 0  A' terletak pada perpanjangan AO

8. TRANSFORMASI LINIER

Ditentukan oleh matriks a b
c d

 x'  =  a b   x 
 y'   c d   y 


 x  = 1   a -b x' 
 y  ad - bcc d  y' 
Perubahan Titik Perubahan Fungsi
(x,y)(ax+by, cx+dy) F(x,y)=0  dx - by , -cx + ay 
ad - bc ad - bc 
Prinsipnya adalah mencari matriks invers dari matriks transformasi yang diketahui.

matematika